The relevance of building a subject-development environment in preschool educational institutions in accordance with the State Standards

The relevance of constructing a subject-developmental

environment in the preschool educational institution in accordance with the State Standards

Andreeva T.V.,

senior teacher of preschool educational institution No. 166

The issue of organizing a subject-developmental environment in preschool educational institutions is particularly relevant today. In connection with the introduction of the State educational standard for preschool education for 2015-2017. requirements were developed for the conditions for the implementation of the Model Program, including requirements for the subject-development environment (p. III, clause 3.3). Why are such high demands placed on the development environment of preschool educational institutions? The answer to this question is connected, first of all, with the specifics of preschool age, with those features in which a preschooler differs from older subjects of education. The source of knowledge, social experience and development of a preschool child is his environment. Therefore, it is very important that this environment is developmental. All children, as we know, are different, and each preschooler has the right to his own path of development, therefore, in order to realize the individual interests, inclinations and needs of preschoolers, the subject-development environment must provide each child with the right and freedom to choose an activity.

Targets for completing preschool education are clearly outlined in the Model Program “From Birth to School”. The child must have initiative and independence in various types of activities, the ability to choose occupations and partners, the ability to generate and implement various ideas, self-confidence and openness to the outside world. Therefore, a developing subject-spatial environment that stimulates the child’s communicative, playful, cognitive, physical and other types of activity must be organized in accordance with the age-specific specifics of his development.

Organization of a developing subject-spatial environment in a preschool educational institution with

taking into account the State Educational Standard is structured in such a way as to enable the most

effectively develop the individuality of each child, his inclinations,

interests, level of activity.

The developing subject-spatial environment is organized so that

every child had the opportunity to freely do what they loved.

Rich developmental subject - spatial and educational

the environment becomes the basis for organizing an exciting, meaningful

life and diversified development of every child. The developing subject environment is the main means of personality formation

child and is the source of his knowledge and social experience.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that research into the subject environment has been going on for a long time. The environment as a multicomponent phenomenon is a subject of study by philosophers, educators, philosophers, ecologists, psychologists, and other specialists. From the standpoint of the psychological context, according to L. S. Vygodsky, P. Ya. Galperin, V. V. Davydov, L. V. Zankov, A. N. Leontyev, D. B. Elkonin and others, the developmental environment is a certain ordered educational space in which developmental learning is carried out.

The famous French teacher Celestin Frenet believed that thanks to the environment, the child himself can develop his individual abilities and capabilities. The role of an adult is to correctly model an environment that promotes maximum development of the child’s personality.

The very concept of a subject-based developmental environment was introduced into the lexicon of teachers and designers after 1988, when the Concept of Preschool Education was published; research in this area began much earlier. With the release of a standard project for the construction of kindergartens (1932), the question of group equipment and the organization of children’s living space (“corners”, “zones”) was raised. The scientific development of object-based play equipment began with the opening of the Research Institute of Preschool Education (1960). S. L. Novoselova and N. N. made a great contribution to the creation of a system of educational toys and teaching aids. Poddyakov (1968). By the mid-70s, principles for the formation of a subject environment were developed: a new pedagogical classification of toys was proposed, educational modular game environments, construction sets, and a system of educational toys for young children were developed (G.G. Lokutsievskaya, N.N. Poddyakov, L.A. Paramonova, S.L. Novoselova, N.T. Grinyavichina, E. V. Zvorygina, etc.). In the second half of the 80s, the concept and operating system of “computer gaming complex” (CGC) was developed, under the scientific leadership of N.N. Poddyakova, S.L. Novoselova, L.A. Paramonova. In the 90s, the question of enriching the subject-development environment was raised in the works of V.A. Petrovsky,

Most experts use the concept of Doctor of Psychological Sciences S.L. Novoselova: “A developing subject environment is a system of material objects of a child’s activity that functionally modernizes the content of the development of his spiritual and physical appearance. An enriched developmental environment presupposes the unity of social and natural means of ensuring a child’s varied activities.”

All children, as we know, are different, and each preschooler has the right to his own path of development, therefore, in order to realize the individual interests, inclinations and needs of preschoolers, the subject-development environment must provide each child with the right and freedom to choose an activity. However, the environment in groups often does not correspond to the interests of children and does not encourage them to make independent free choices. The psychological foundations for constructing a developmental, subject-based childhood environment are based on the activity-age system approach and modern ideas about the subject-oriented nature of activity, its development and significance for the mental and personal development of the child. The works of many domestic teachers (G.M. Lyamin, A.P. Usov, E.A. Panko) talk about the need to include preschoolers in meaningful activities, during which they themselves could discover more and more new properties of objects, notice them similarities and differences. In a word, it is necessary to provide children with the opportunity to acquire knowledge on their own.

S.L. Novoselova argues that activity in its development constantly changes its psychological content depending on the subject’s generalization of his experience. Activity builds the psyche. Inactivity, the lack of opportunity to do something, leads to limited opportunities, and subsequently to personality deprivation. The objective world of childhood is the environment for the development of all specific types of activity.

The subject development environment is:

- a system of material objects and means of activity of a child, functionally modeling the content of the development of his spiritual and physical appearance in accordance with the requirements of the basic general educational program of preschool education.

- this is a complex of aesthetic, psychological and pedagogical conditions necessary for the implementation of the pedagogical process, rationally organized in space and time, saturated with a variety of objects and gaming materials.

The environment surrounding children in kindergarten should ensure the safety of their lives, promote health and strengthen the body of each of them. The principle of integration of educational areas contributes to the formation of a unified subject-spatial environment.

This means that for the comprehensive development of the child,

several subject developmental “environments”: for speech, mathematics,

aesthetic, physical development, which, depending on the situation

can be combined into one or more multifunctional environments. At

In this regard, it is very important that the objects and toys that will be used

child, at the first stage of mastering this environment were not just objects

his attention, but a means of communication with adults.

The relevance of creating a favorable developmental environment for preschool education. article on the topic

Report to the teachers' council

The relevance of creating a favorable development environment

preschool education.

Prepared by: Art. teacher Kriushenkova E.V.

One of the important conditions for effective educational work in a preschool educational institution is the correct organization of a developing subject-spatial environment. This question is especially relevant at the present time. This is due to the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education (FSES DO), which imposes certain requirements on the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program of preschool education, including requirements for the organization and updating of the subject-development environment of a preschool institution.

According to the Standard, a developing subject-spatial environment must:

— ensure maximum realization of the educational potential of the preschool educational institution space, group and territory of preschool educational institution, materials, equipment for the development of children in accordance with the characteristics of each age stage, protection and promotion of their health, taking into account the characteristics and correction of deficiencies in their development;

— provide the opportunity for communication and joint activities of children and adults, physical activity of children, as well as opportunities for privacy;

— ensure the implementation of various educational programs, taking into account national, cultural and climatic conditions, taking into account the age characteristics of children;

— be rich (a variety of materials, equipment and inventory in accordance with the specifics of the program), transformable (the possibility of changing the subject-spatial environment depending on the educational situation and the changing interests and capabilities of children), multifunctional (the possibility of varied use of various components of the subject environment), variable (availability of materials and equipment for children’s free choice, periodic change of material), safe.

The very concept of “developing subject-spatial environment” covers both its spatial organization and corresponding content. The spatial organization of the environment makes it possible to create comfortable, relatively stable conditions for the implementation of the educational process. And its content, focused on systematic addition, renewal, and variability, helps to activate various types of preschooler activities and stimulates their development. The spatial organization of the environment can be called form, and the content – content.

The balance of form and content plays an important role: a reasonable spatial organization with unreasonable content, as well as competent content with an irrational environment, will not provide the proper developmental and educational effect. Therefore, it is extremely important to ensure an increase in the professional competence of teachers in creating an appropriate developmental environment and to focus their attention on the main problems:

— diagnostics of the needs of children and teachers in the environment;

-creation of a developing space for socialization and individualization of students;

- selection of toys and materials based on the age-related psychological characteristics of children in accordance with educational areas;

— ensuring variability in the development environment;

- ensuring richness and psychological safety of the educational environment;

-organization of interaction between teachers and children in the created educational environment of preschool educational institutions.

At the stage of creating a space in a preschool educational institution that ensures the processes of socialization and individualization of the individual in accordance with the provisions of the Federal State Educational Standard for Education, it is important to ensure targeted diagnosis of the play and environmental needs of both children and the teacher. The information received will contribute to the formation of a favorable person-oriented environment, as comfortable as possible for the life of both parties. Playing needs are the desired and preferred toys and games necessary for the implementation of play plans. Environmental needs are the desired environment, a set of conditions that create maximum comfort for the individual. It is important to remember that this diagnosis must be targeted, systematic and comprehensive. The results obtained will make it possible, in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education, to regularly update and change the educational environment, ensuring its variability and dynamism based not only on knowledge of the provisions of developmental psychology, the development of play activities in preschool age, but also taking into account the personal needs of children, their interests and aspirations. Purposeful identification of the environmental needs of the teacher will help create favorable conditions for the implementation of professional activities and optimization of the process of professional self-development of the teacher, which is also one of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Education.

The preschool period of development is an age sensitive to the assimilation of social and moral norms, the age of active socialization and the readiness of the psyche to internalize the norms, rules and values of social interaction. As a result of socialization, a child develops a basic picture of the world, and an individualized one, therefore, when modeling the educational environment, it is important to understand with which picture of the world it will be associated with a particular child. The developmental environment is designed to help the child determine his unique trajectory in the society in which he grows up. It should ensure the inclusion of the pupil in the group and mutual acceptance of the child and the group. Modeling the educational environment allows you to include a preschooler in the following groups: peers, gender and ethnocultural inclusion, interest groups, etc.

Socialization in preschool education involves creating situations for the child to test appropriate models, gain experience, and make social decisions. Not only specific sociocultural skills or the content of socialization are important, but also the active experience of the child’s actions and the degree of his independence, which involves providing the child with the opportunity to choose the means and forms of active activity. In turn, socialization is ensured by introducing children to sociocultural norms, traditions of the family, country, society, and creating an ethnocultural environment. The embodiment of these provisions in practice can be a variety of options for creating ethnocultural corners in groups or corresponding objects on the territory of preschool educational institutions, holding holidays and exhibitions of the relevant focus, participating in district and regional events, visiting cultural institutions. The principle of constructing the ethnocultural component of the educational environment is an orientation towards patriotism, civic identity, on the one hand, and tolerance, on the other.

Social relations as a systemic component of the educational environment should be aimed at developing the following characteristics in the child:

- respect for yourself and others;

- self-confidence, lack of fear of making mistakes;

- natural behavior and sincerity;

- willingness to take responsibility for one’s actions;

— independence of intentions and decisions;

— empathic position;

- focus on individual and social interests.

The socialization of a preschooler is carried out primarily through play. In the play space, children master social skills and learn cooperation. The contacts that arise between them regarding toys or other objects become the first form of social communication with a peer. In the game, the preschooler’s actions are directed not so much at an external object, but at depicting the action as such. The gaming environment is a necessary condition for the development of children’s social intelligence, and group role-playing games in preschool educational institutions have great potential for developing interpersonal communication and uniting the children’s team. Cognizing social reality, the child appropriates it in play, includes it in his own picture of the world, modeling relationships and exploring the content and forms of communication between people. Thus, in play, the child learns to separate himself from others, to realize individuality and relate himself to others through identification, identification, and empathy. While playing, he not only models social relationships, but also assimilates them.

Currently, the self-worth of the individual in the educational environment changes the goals of the educational process: from the assimilation of “knowledge - abilities - skills” to the formation of the child’s personality and the creation of conditions for the realization of its potential. The environment does not play the passive role of “conditions” for the realization of children’s abilities, but as an effective mechanism for the development of these abilities. In these conditions, it becomes important to take into account the individual abilities of children. The effectiveness of the educational process increases if the environment creates conditions for the child to gain experience and is focused on his personal interests. The gaming environment and gaming interaction create conditions for testing in social relations what the personality of a particular child represents from the point of view of society, and at the same time studying society itself from a personal position. As an example, we can consider gender differences between boys and girls, which imply differentiation of the components of the educational environment being formed. Thus, the educational environment of a preschool educational institution can be built taking into account the specifics of gender: provide opportunities for the development of the strong qualities of boys and girls and help them overcome gender-related specific development. Girls acquire complex verbal skills a year earlier than boys and master reading and writing skills faster. Therefore, the environment for girls should be focused on auditory and tactile stimuli, verbal information, and for boys it should be presented with visual stimuli and visual information. Boys have higher research activity, which must be oriented in the environment. If girls are strong in the emotional sphere, sensory perception and various types of memory, then boys quickly form spatial concepts and abstract thinking, and from the point of view of memory, boys are strong in long-term storage of details and trifles. When organizing an educational environment, it should be taken into account that boys should be seated at the first tables, as they better perceive the loud voice of the teacher. Then, girls perceive “quiet information” well. With regard to vision, the same pattern applies - boys are recommended to take places closer to the source of visual information. In addition, boys are more vulnerable to emotional stress because they are not competent in recognizing and analyzing emotional information and cannot cope with it effectively. Boys need more space and are more comfortable in an open space; girls feel more comfortable in a protected, secluded space. Boys' games are about action, while girls' games are about relationships. In general, girls have better developed fine motor skills. Through ball games and outdoor games with rules, it is necessary to stimulate the development of lagging gross motor skills. Thus, the developmental opportunities of the educational environment of preschool educational institutions should create conditions for the individualization of education and gender socialization.

According to the Federal State Educational Standard for Educational Education, the content of the educational program should ensure the development of the personality, motivation and abilities of children in various types of activities, covering five areas of development (educational areas) and education of children:

- social and communicative;

- educational;

- speech;

- artistic and aesthetic;

- physical.

The types of activities of preschool children within each educational area can be implemented based on the potential of the developing subject-spatial environment of a preschool educational institution with appropriate content. This environment is a collection of objects and toys that are understandable and interesting to children, without which it is impossible to carry out specific types of children's activities. The lack of pedagogically appropriate subject content impoverishes the content of the educational process and narrows the options for developing the game. The content of the developmental environment is selected in such a way as to ensure the possibility of solving pedagogical problems within a particular educational field, including on an integrative basis. Groups should create a rich, multifunctional environment that makes it possible to organize various types of games with children and to model the gaming environment in accordance with the gaming situation. When organizing a space, it is important not to oversaturate it with pieces of furniture. Boxes with attributes for various role-playing games can be placed on open shelves. Thus, the space becomes dynamic, transformable, and not overloaded. When filling the developmental environment, it is necessary to use both traditional and modern toys. This allows you to create a variable, multifunctional environment. All games and toys should be placed so that students can take what they need and just as easily put everything back in place after the game is over. It is also important to determine the pedagogical value of toys and play materials.

The variability of the developmental environment of a preschool educational institution is due to the specifics of its activities in general and the preschool level, in particular, the characteristics of the contingent of children (dictated by their age, gender, preferences, capabilities, etc.), the content of the educational program, priority tasks in a given period of time . The implementation of the principle of variability can be expressed through continuity, the establishment of such a connection between spaces when the new, replacing the old, retains some of its elements. In the conditions of preschool education, this is manifested in the fact that the environment in different groups should, on the one hand, have its own content and spatial organization due to the specifics of each stage of preschool childhood, and on the other, gradually be supplemented with new elements, providing a zone of proximal development and the sequence of education and training. In line with the ideas of continuity of education, the development environment should be consistent in organization and content from group to group. When organizing a variable developmental environment that ensures continuity from group to group, the following factors should be taken into account:

— age stages of each stage of preschool childhood;

— features of the development of children’s play activities;

— spasmodic and uneven development of the child;

- characteristics of the contingent of children in the group;

— the specificity of pedagogical tasks in a given period;

— features of the individual style of activity of group teachers.

The saturation of the educational environment is a dual characteristic. On the one hand, it can have a beneficial effect, stimulating the child’s activity, self-changes and the creative nature of his activities, and on the other hand, it can cause tension, anxiety, destabilize the child’s emotional state and hinder the realization of his intellectual and personal potential. Accordingly, the saturation of the educational environment can play both a stimulating and limiting and even inhibiting role. The objective saturation of the educational environment depends on the intensity, complexity and specifics of the educational program implemented in the preschool educational institution. The standard provides for the possibility of implementing various educational and partial programs aimed at developing children in all types of activities. Thus, educational and partial programs allow you to vary the content of the educational process, which affects the saturation of the educational environment.

One of the requirements for the educational environment is psychological safety. Psychological safety of the environment is ensured by creating a positive, friendly environment in which the child feels confident and does not experience hostile influence. Social relations, as a component of the educational environment, are built on the following methods of interaction: cooperation, recognition of the child’s rights and freedoms, discussion, empathy, support, stimulating system of requirements. In the conditions of such a system of social relations, the child experiences feelings of psychological security and acceptance of his individuality. In interaction with adults, psychological comfort and emotional well-being are achieved in an educational environment characterized by the following parameters:

— absence of unreasonable prohibitions;

— a consistent system of rules and interactions;

— absence of psychological manipulation by adults;

— subjective personal communication with the child;

- providing the child with opportunities for independent activity and choice of activities and a head start on activity;

- the ability to complete the work started, to realize a plan, a goal.

- open, positive informing the child about different aspects of life in accordance with the age level of understanding;

- encouraging the child’s own activity and independence;

-satisfaction of all subjects of educational relations with the level of interaction in the environment.

An important component of the modern educational environment for a preschooler is the nature of his interaction with adults and other children, during which the development of personality and the transmission of moral norms and values are ensured. It is possible to optimize the interaction of a teacher with students in a created subject-development environment if its participants have the appropriate knowledge and ideas, perform actions and show emotions. The teacher must know the features and elements of the environment, ways of changing it in joint activities with children. In turn, preschoolers should have an idea of the possibilities of transforming the subject-play environment together with the teacher. Preschool educational institutions should be characterized by cooperation and co-creation of teachers and children, their active, proactive position aimed at achieving a common result using the resources of the educational environment, permanent partnerships between participants in educational relations; showing interest and mutual respect in the process and results of joint activities; emotionally positive background of interaction.

Thus, a properly organized subject-development environment in a preschool institution provides each child with equal opportunities to acquire certain personality traits and opportunities for his comprehensive development. But not every environment can be developmental. The space organized for children in an educational institution can be both a powerful stimulus for their development and an obstacle that prevents the manifestation of individual creative abilities.

Bibliography:

Federal state educational standard for preschool education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 17.10. 2013 No. 1155.
Babaeva T.I., Gogoberidze A.G., Solntseva O.V. Childhood: Sample educational program for preschool education. – JV: PUBLISHING HOUSE “CHILDHOOD-PRESS” LLC, 2014.
Miklyaeva N.V. Subject-developmental environment of kindergarten. M.: Sphere shopping center. 2013
G. Directory of a senior teacher of a preschool institution. No. 8, 2014.