Summary and presentation of an educational lesson on the topic “Space” (1st grade).

How to tell

Given the characteristics of childhood, it is very important to make the story simple and effective. To do this, you can use visual experiments. We describe examples of such experiments below. Thus, it will be much easier for the child to become familiar with thematic concepts that are difficult for him.

Today, parents are offered a large number of thematic materials that can also be used in their story.

Preschool children perfectly absorb information presented in a playful form, in the form of a fairy tale or poem.

And if you manage to captivate a child’s imagination, perhaps the child will not only become interested in astronomy, but also fall in love with this science.

When telling your child about space for the first time, think about the fact that maybe, as an adult, looking at the stars, he will remember your activities and smile.

Grandfather's story about space.

Current page: 1 (book has 2 pages in total) [available reading passage: 1 pages]

E. L. Emelyanova Tell children about astronautics

K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is called the father of astronautics. It was thanks to his scientific work that humanity was able to rise to previously unprecedented heights and enter outer space.

The passion for invention passed to Konstantin from his father, an educated and enterprising man. Once he invented and built a threshing machine, and together with his children he built models of houses and palaces.

Konstantin read a lot, studied arithmetic on his own, and mastered his father’s books with curiosity and understanding.

After living in Moscow for three years, Konstantin Eduardovich returned home, where he began giving private lessons in physics and mathematics to underperforming students. Soon Tsiolkovsky was appointed to the position of teacher of arithmetic and geometry at the Borovsk district school in the Kaluga province.

Tsiolkovsky’s first thoughts about conquering cosmic heights arose under the influence of the works of Jules Verne. “For a long time I looked at the rocket like everyone else: from the point of view of entertainment and small applications. I don’t remember well how it occurred to me to make calculations related to the rocket.”

In 1903, Konstantin Eduardovich’s first work on the theory of rocket flight, “Investigation of world spaces using jet instruments,” appeared in the journal “Scientific Review.”

Year after year, Tsiolkovsky continued to develop rocket technology. In 1914, the scientist presented another rocket project. Tsiolkovsky suggests using gasoline and kerosene as fuel.

Dreams of long-distance flights never left Tsiolkovsky. In 1920, his book “Outside the Earth” was published in Kaluga. In it, Konstantin Eduardovich describes the events of the distant future - 2022. According to his assumptions, “composite passenger rockets” will already be used at this time.

In his works, Tsiolkovsky convinced of the advantages of human life in artificial spaces with temperature set at will in conditions of weightlessness. He proposed creating rings of artificial settlements on huge orbital stations located around the Sun. The scientist tried to bring his youthful dreams and childhood fantasies to a scientific basis.

Tsiolkovsky imagined a rocket that would “move away from the Earth, wander between planets, between stars, visit planets, their satellites, rings and other celestial bodies, and return to Earth.”

Many of Tsiolkovsky’s calculations have already been implemented. Perhaps his other ideas will find application in the future.

S.P. Korolev and the first rockets

In 1921, an experimental design organization was founded in Petrograd to develop rocket shells using smokeless powder. A turning point in the history of Soviet cosmonautics was 1929, when the future General Designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev met with Tsiolkovsky. His books captivated Korolev, who realized that the ideas of the Kaluga teacher were far ahead of their time. In 1931, Korolev met the inventor Friedrich Zander, who was developing liquid fuel engines. Scientists decided to combine their efforts and in the same year founded the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD) in Moscow. In July 1932, Korolev became the head of the GIRD. A year later, a talented engineer Mikhail Tikhonravov joined the organization.

On August 17, 1933, the first Soviet rocket GIRD-09 designed by Tikhonravov was launched in Nakhabino near Moscow. In 10 seconds of flight, she reached a height of 400 meters.

S.P. Korolev was fond of gliding and in 1937 developed the SK-9 liquid fuel rocket glider, which in an unmanned version participated in the All-Union gliding competitions in Koktebel.

In August 1946, S.P. Korolev was appointed chief designer for the creation of automatically guided ballistic missile systems. Having studied the experience of German rocket scientists, our engineers began their own developments. In 1948, the first domestic ballistic missile R-1 was tested in the USSR. A year later, the B-1 A geophysical rocket lifted research instruments to a height of 100 kilometers. In subsequent years, it was possible to increase the load that the rocket was capable of lifting to almost two tons.

At the same time, the USSR and the USA began preparing a program to launch the first artificial satellite into Earth orbit. This was the start of a great race for championship in outer space. January 7, 1957 S.P. Korolev sent to the Minister of Defense D.F. A note to Ustinov, in which he reported that “...intensive preparations are underway in the United States of America for the launch of an artificial Earth satellite. The most famous project is called “Vanguard” based on a three-stage rocket... Satellites are a spherical container with a diameter of 50 cm and weighing about 10 kg. In September 1956, the United States attempted to launch a three-stage rocket and a satellite on it at the Patrick, Florida base, keeping it secret... According to some information available in the press, the United States is preparing in the coming months for new attempts to launch an artificial Earth satellite, wanting obviously, to achieve priority at any cost.”

First satellite

At Korolev’s design bureau, work was in full swing to create a domestic satellite. The engineers were in a hurry - they wanted to overtake the Americans. By all parameters, it turned out that the Soviet satellite would become larger than the American one, which meant that more scientific equipment could be installed inside. By that time, the USSR had more advanced launch vehicles than the United States. And when, in August 1957, TASS reported that an intercontinental ballistic missile had been created with the ability to “launch into any region of the globe,” it became clear to the whole world that the Russians’ intentions were incredibly serious.

The launch vehicle to launch the satellite into orbit was ready. The engineers called their brainchild “PS” for short, which could be deciphered both as “the first satellite” and as “the simplest satellite.” Outwardly, it looked like a ball with four antennae.

The rocket with the first satellite launched on October 4, 1957 at 22:28 Moscow time from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The “beep-beep-beep” signals of the artificial Earth satellite were heard by many radio amateurs around the world. The satellite completed 1,440 revolutions and ceased to exist on January 4, 1958.

The flight of the Soviet satellite was a shock for American developers. They did not expect such agility from the USSR. They tried to launch their Avangard satellite back in September 1956. But the launch from Patrick Air Force Base in Florida ended in failure. German specialists did not participate in the design of the Avangard. Von Braun's group worked on the creation of the Explorer satellite, which entered Earth orbit on February 1, 1958. But before this time, the Soviet Union managed to launch its second satellite - with a dog on board.

I am a brave, courageous rocket, I am ready to take flight. The last moments before the start. Attention! Get ready! And take off!

- What kind of relative of the Moon is there, Nephew or granddaughter Flashing between the clouds? - Yes, this is a satellite! - Those are the times! – He is a companion to each of us and, in general, to the entire Earth. The satellite was created by hand, and then delivered on a rocket to these distances.

Yu. Yakovlev

MYSTERY

The miracle bird, scarlet tail, flew into a flock of stars. (Rocket)

Animals in space

Before sending a person into space, scientists needed to learn about the impact of an unfavorable environment on a living organism. Pets that have faithfully served humanity since ancient times were chosen as experimental subjects.

Biological experiments began in the Soviet Union in 1949. It was necessary to find out how living beings react to unusually large overloads, loud noise and other factors that arise when flying on a rocket. It was important to learn to control the emotions of animals. In the USSR, high-altitude geophysical rockets were launched with animals on board: rabbits, rats and mice. The head of the experiments on animal flight on high-altitude rockets was V.I. Yazdovsky.

Movie cameras installed in rockets recorded the behavior of mice and rats in a state of weightlessness. The animals moved their paws, causing them to begin to spin and somersault in the air. During subsequent flights, the rats adapted to weightlessness and even learned to move in space.

After the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite S.P. Korolev set the doctors the task of preparing the dog for an orbital flight on the second satellite.

On November 3, 1957, a rocket launched from Baikonur, which launched the second satellite into orbit, with the dog Laika on board. The system for returning from orbit had not yet been fully developed, so it was planned that Laika would spend seven days in the satellite (the ship had the necessary supply of food), after which the dog would be euthanized by opening a gas cylinder. However, five hours after launch, the cooling system on the satellite failed, and the capsule with Laika heated up to a critical temperature.

The first animals to return safely from space flight were the dogs Belka and Strelka. In August 1960, the satellite with dogs on board made 17 revolutions around the Earth and landed safely.

Belka and Strelka immediately became famous. They were brought to Moscow, where they appeared before the country's top leadership. A puppy from Strelka was given to the wife of US President Jacqueline Kennedy.

The United States used chimpanzee monkeys in its research. The most famous of them, named Ham, in 1961 rose on a rocket to an altitude of 253 kilometers, spending more than 6 minutes in zero gravity.

Both American and Soviet scientists, before a human flight, launched ships into space with mannequins, which were seated in the astronaut's chairs. Perhaps this is why the legend arose that the first manned flight took place not on April 12, 1961, but much earlier.

The first cosmonaut on the planet

He said: “Let's go!” He waved his hand, as if along St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, swept over the Earth.

N. Dobronravov

In May 1959, recruitment into the first group of cosmonauts was announced among fighter pilots.

Military pilots, by nature of their service, constantly faced stressful situations and knew how to find a way out of difficult situations. The screening was very strict. A candidate for cosmonaut had to have iron health. The cabins of the first rockets were small, so the astronauts' height was limited to 175 centimeters and their weight was limited to 75 kilograms.

The first group of cosmonauts consisted of 20 people. After medical tests and tests on simulators, six candidates were identified, one of whom was to go into space first.

A new ship was being prepared for launch - “Vostok”, on which the “passenger” was a mannequin, Ivan Ivanovich, as the engineers called him. To test radio communications, they decided to record a voice on a tape recorder, which would then be received from Earth. And so that American stations would not perceive the signals as a sign that the USSR had launched man into space, a song performed by Pyatnitsky’s choir was recorded on tape. It would never occur to anyone that the Soviet ship took off with a whole choir on board!

The dog Chernushka flew with the dummy on the ship. An hour and a half later, the descent module landed. This flight was followed by the last test flight, with the dog Luck-Star.

On April 12, Vostok-1 took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, piloted by Senior Lieutenant Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. His understudy was German Titov.

Gagarin was the best fit for the position of the Earth's first cosmonaut - he had just turned 27 years old and came from a peasant family. Yuri graduated from the Chkalov Military Aviation School and served in fighter aviation units of the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

Gagarin's spacecraft made only one orbit around the Earth, spending 108 minutes in space. But for humanity, these minutes marked the advent of the era of manned space flights.

At 10:55 a.m., the Vostok lander landed in the Saratov region. For his feat, Gagarin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The whole world wanted to see the first cosmonaut on the planet. Gagarin visited dozens of countries. Everywhere he was greeted with delight, because he had truly become a celestial being.

G.S. Titov

Initially, it was planned that the planet’s second cosmonaut, German Stepanovich Titov, would make three orbits around our planet on the Vostok-2 spacecraft. But then S.P. Korolev decided that he needed to take a risk - Titov would spend the whole day in space.

On August 6, 1961, Vostok-2 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The flight lasted more than 25 hours. During this time, the ship made 17 orbits around the Earth, covering 700 thousand kilometers.

The second launch differed in many ways from Yuri Gagarin's flight. Scientific equipment was installed at Vostok for the first time. G.S. Titov was the first to test the manual control system of a spacecraft, perform maneuvers, and perform a number of other experiments.

Not everything went well in space. During the first two or three orbits, Titov communicated by radio with the Earth, talking about what he saw through the window. He was not fastened to a chair and floated freely in the ship. As it turned out later, this played a cruel joke on the astronaut - he began to get motion sickness.

To calm German down, his friend, future cosmonaut Pavel Popovich, contacted him. After consulting with the doctors, he recommended that Titov tie himself to the chair, not look out the window and try to take a nap.

This helped - Titov’s cheerfulness and presence of mind returned again. Thanks to this experience, doctors were able to introduce special training to strengthen the vestibular system into the training of future cosmonauts.

After the flight, German Titov said: “I saw it, our Earth, I saw it all. She's beautiful, but she's really small. If you look at it from space. And, remembering the Earth as I saw it from there... I suddenly understood with all my being how we must take care of it.”

During the flight, Titov photographed beautiful views of the Earth from space. German Stepanovich also became the youngest cosmonaut on Earth - at the time of the flight he was not even 26 years old.

Without asking anyone for help, My country itself, having risen from the ashes of wars and dust, knows no fear. Now he is sending his son into space.

We remember everything. Nothing is forgotten. But we are for peace: seriously! For all! Forever! And, launched into a peaceful orbit, our man goes into battle with nature.

K. Simonov

First woman astronaut

The first woman to fly in space was Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. A year after the first manned space flight, S.P. Korolev decided to launch a ship with a woman on board. In March 1962, the selection of candidates began. The following requirements were imposed on the girls: they had to be no older than 30 years old, taller than 170 centimeters and weigh no more than 70 kilograms.

Hundreds of girls wanted to fly into space. But only five were selected. At the Cosmonaut Training Center, Valentina Tereshkova, Zhanna Yorkina, Irina Solovyova, Valentina Ponomareva and Tatyana Kuznetsova were preparing for the flight.

The women's flight training program was in no way inferior to the men's in complexity. It was not easy for fragile girls to withstand the load. One of the most terrible tests was the isolation chamber. Each girl had to spend 10 days in a special room in complete darkness and silence.

Another stage of selection is a thermal chamber. The girls were dressed in flight suits, fur hats and boots and put in this chamber, the temperature was raised higher and higher, up to 80 degrees with a humidity of 30%. In addition, regular training in the cockpit of a spaceship on simulators, flying on airplanes, parachuting in a spacesuit... In parallel with the training, medical experiments were carried out, fitting spacesuits, etc.

After long and grueling training, Valentina Tereshkova was chosen from among all the candidates. Of course, she experienced great joy, but at the same time she understood what a huge responsibility and risk it was.

Tereshkova's relatives learned about her flight on the radio. Valentina said that she was leaving for a parachute competition - such was the secrecy then!

The launch was successful. "Hey! Heaven, take off your hat! – said Tereshkova before the flight. On June 16, 1963, at 12:30 Moscow time, the Vostok-6 spacecraft, piloted by the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, was launched into earth orbit. Her partner in orbit was Valery Bykovsky, who controlled Vostok-5.

“I am the Seagull.” The flight is going well,” Tereshkova reported to Earth.

Valentina bravely endured all the inconveniences of space flight, staying in orbit for almost three days. The Chaika flew around the Earth 48 times and landed safely in the Altai Territory. Tereshkova proved from her own experience that women can fly on spaceships.

The first astronaut in outer space

The Vostok was replaced by a new ship, Voskhod, which could accommodate three cosmonauts. On March 18, 1965, Voskhod-2 went into space with a crew consisting of commander Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev and cosmonaut-researcher Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. During this flight, a man had to go into outer space for the first time.

On the second orbit of Voskhod, Leonov left the cabin through the airlock. He floated five meters away from the ship, held by a cable. Leonov turned on the movie camera and filmed the ship and the Earth floating beneath it for several minutes. In total, Leonov spent more than 12 minutes in outer space.

Upon returning to Voskhod, the unexpected happened: Leonov got stuck in the hatch. According to the instructions, he entered the airlock chamber feet first. But in the vacuum of space, the suit swelled. Somehow Leonov managed to free himself and enter the airlock. Meanwhile, on the ship, the pressure suddenly dropped and at the same time the oxygen content increased. One spark was enough and everything would instantly burst into flames.

The command to land was received from the Earth. However, the braking motors did not work. We had to deorbit manually. The ship began to spin, orientation in space was disrupted. Instead of the estimated landing point in the Kazakh steppes, the descent module fell in the Urals into the snow-covered taiga. The astronauts waited for two days until a rescue team arrived on skis. In order for a helicopter to land near the descent module, rescuers had to cut down the forest.

In 1975, Alexey Leonov took part in the Soyuz-Apollo project. This was the first international manned space flight.

The Apollo spacecraft was almost identical to the one that took the Americans to the Moon. Soyuz-19 was a production vehicle used for flights since 1967.

The Apollo crew included astronauts Thomas Stafford, Vene Brand and Donald Slayton. Alexey Leonov and Valery Kubasov flew on Soyuz-19.

On July 15, Apollo launched from Cape Canaveral. The Soyuz spacecraft was waiting for him in orbit. Approximately 45 hours after takeoff, Apollo docked with Soyuz.

The crews of the ships conducted various experiments - they were engaged in smelting metals and growing fungi. Apollo moved away from the Soyuz and covered the Sun with its body. Soviet cosmonauts photographed the solar corona. After this, the ships docked again.

After separation, Apollo remained in orbit for six more days while Soyuz returned to Earth.

Lunokhod

In 1958, the first earthly vehicle, the Soviet probe Luna 1, set off for the Moon. It flew at a distance of 6 thousand kilometers from the surface of the Moon. In September of the same year, Luna 2 made a hard landing on the earth's satellite.

"Luna-17" and "Luna-21" delivered self-propelled vehicles to the Moon - lunar rovers, which were controlled from the Earth by radio.

The first tests of the lunar rover began in October 1967. Initially, the designers developed systems on tracks and on wheels - eight and four. As a result, the engineers settled on a wheeled version. Each wheel had its own engine, and even if several failed, the lunar rover would still continue to move on.

Field tests of the all-terrain vehicle on Earth took place under conditions that were close to those found on the Moon. Some of the experiments were carried out in the cabin of a flying aircraft. Its trajectory was designed so that during the flight the gravity on board would be like on the Moon. A section of the “lunar” surface was equipped on the plane, soil was poured in - the engineers tested how the wheels of the device would “behave”.

Specialists had to take into account any little details, because the lunar rovers were controlled by radio from the Earth. There was no mechanic nearby to fix the problem.

The temperature on the surface of the Moon reached -150 °C at night and +120 °C during the day. On the lid of the instrument compartment there was a solar battery, which “produced” energy for the Lunokhod. The lid could be rotated at different angles for precise orientation to the Sun. Television cameras were installed in the front of the Lunokhod to control and photograph the lunar surface.

On November 17, 1970, Lunokhod-1 laid the first “space track” in the Mare Mons area on another celestial body in the history of mankind.

The “crew” of the lunar all-terrain vehicle was located at the Center for Long-Range Space Communications in Crimea. The driver watched the television cameras, the navigator plotted the course, and two engineers monitored the operation of the antennas.

“Lunokhod-1 worked for 11 lunar days (10.5 Earth months) and covered about 10 kilometers on the surface of the Moon; Lunokhod-2 covered about 37 kilometers in 5 months.

Space maps are loaded into the tablets, and the navigator clarifies the route for the last time. Come on, guys, sing before the start. We still have fourteen minutes left.

I believe, friends, caravans of rockets will rush us forward from star to star. On the dusty paths of distant planets Our traces will remain.

V. Voinovich

Attention! This is an introductory fragment of the book.

If you liked the beginning of the book, then the full version can be purchased from our partner - the distributor of legal content, LitRes LLC.
Pechnikova Albina Anatolyevna, literature teacher at Zaikovskaya Secondary School No. 1 Title of the work: Fantastic fairy tale “Space Rescuers” Description: We bring to your attention an author’s fairy tale about the cosmic expanses of the Universe. When creating works, I try to write in different thematic directions.
The fantastic tale will tell about how the heroes find themselves in the future of 3691 and help earthlings return to their planet. A fairy tale story can be useful for literature teachers, teacher organizers, and class teachers of the school community when preparing and conducting theatrical performances for Cosmonautics Day for school-age children. Goal: Development of students' creative abilities. Objectives: 1) teach children to perceive the real and unreal world through the prism of imagination and fantasy; 2) instill an interest in books and a desire to write good fantastic tales; 3) develop children’s oral speech and acting skills. Fantastic tale "Space Rescuers"

It was an ordinary morning, which foreshadowed a completely unusual day... It was August 21, 3691. I was 13 years old. I was in the 7th grade and assumed that this particular year would be the unluckiest of my life. And, unfortunately, I turned out to be right. After the water procedures, as usual, I began setting up my wrist teleporter to get to school. It was black with orange stripes and a wide strap covered in graffiti of the same color. In addition to the teleporter, it had a clock, a TV, a cellular hologram, and a lot of other new technology. And so I chose my destination, pressed the “start” button, and everything would have been fine if not for one unforeseen circumstance. My school was located on Gidronskaya Street, but last night they decided to rename this street to Dremerskaya, since the previous name lasted more than 600 years. Therefore, I teleported to a non-existent object, and I was simply thrown out into the MCC - an intergalactic space civilization (over the past 1000 years we have managed to make friends with some aliens). I wanted to go back home, but, as luck would have it, my teleport was discharged due to high magnetism. All that remained was to find Ronits, Zidoks or people to ask them for help. I walked straight down the corridor and came to a fork in two exactly the same ones. Wandering for a long time in this “cosmic” labyrinth, I suddenly heard cautious steps. Having discovered this, I accelerated. The steps also became more frequent. Around the corner I saw Seryozha. He studied in the 5th grade and, as it turned out, also “ended up at the wrong address.” - Hello! What do we do? – I asked. “I don’t know myself,” answered Gray. - Now there are at least two of us! It won't be so scary. We need to find someone. - Clearly understood! But everyone is still sleeping. For them, morning will come only in 3 hours. - This is problem. Then let's look for something to eat, I haven't eaten anything since the morning. We went looking for food, and after half an hour of useless wandering, we returned to the same place. “We should have gone right,” I said. “Well, if that’s the case, let’s go, trying isn’t torture,” Gray answered. To the right was a blue corridor with red lights along the edges. At the end of it there was some kind of door. We easily opened it by lowering the red lever. There was a cabin with two windows and chairs, a touch panel and a daily supply of food. After having breakfast, we wanted to go, but the doors did not open. I started pressing all the buttons, and then the cabin we were in disconnected from the MCC and went into outer space. It became clear that this was an emergency “boat”. We didn’t know how to control it, so in a panic we began to look for all sorts of means of communication to inform someone about our problem. But, unfortunately, we had nothing but discharged wrist teleporters. Outside, the cold stars shone with a blue shine. Red, yellow, orange dust rushed throughout the Universe. We despaired and thought that now we would fly in space forever! And suddenly... - What happened!? What's the matter!? – Seryozha shouted loudly. - Don't know. We may have encountered something! I managed to notice a certain black funnel in the porthole, which was spinning so quickly that I even felt dizzy. - Hole! Black! – I shouted. We woke up lying on the yellow earth. Above us stood a red sun in a green sky. It was unusually easy to breathe, and in order to get full lungs of air, you had to take a small breath. - Well, where are we? – I asked. “Do you think there is life here?” muttered Gray. - This needs to be checked. - Shall we go to that lake over there and see what the water is like? If it is fresh, it will be great! Moreover, we found very little water in the cabin. The water was greenish-pink in color. It tasted no different from regular drinking water, except that it was a little bitter. Soon we heard some sounds. We came closer and saw creatures very similar to people. The skin was almost the same color, but with a gray-blue tint. -Oh, people! – Seryoga exclaimed. -Quiet! What if they are evil!? They'll eat it inadvertently... We didn't immediately leave our shelter, overcoming our fear, we walked a little and immediately felt someone's intense, tenacious gaze on us. We felt awkward, then we raised our hands and said: “We come in peace!” It seemed that they did not understand us, but it was worth a try. All the “UFOs” (as I jokingly called the inhabitants of this planet) immediately surrounded us and took us to some building. It was white with blue stripes and a red roof. “Yad mi tseop,” said one of them. At first we didn’t understand anything, but then it dawned on us that this was the same Russian language, only “upside down.” In a vessel that looked like a flask, we were given some kind of liquid. It was green and very similar to semolina porridge with large lumps. “Ugh, what disgusting!” Gray frowned. It tasted like cucumber with kiwi and peas, but we had to eat this “hellish mixture” since there was no other food! - We're s-e-li. Ym il-e-op!!!” I said carefully. Nobody responded. We went outside, and there was the same deathly silence. Suddenly, from the window of some building, shouts were heard: “Etidohu, setchyarp eertsyb!!!” - Why do we need to hide!? – I asked. And then a strange spaceship in the form of a huge pencil or rocket appeared in the sky. Our ears were blocked, fear pressed our feet to the yellow earth! - Oh God, what is this!? “Let’s run quickly before this bandura crushes us!” We rushed headlong towards the building from which the screams were heard. The spaceship slowly landed, and astrons began to emerge from it one after another. Then we watched for a long time as they brought out earthlings in chains and glowing hand teleporters. - They are kind! How could they?!! It became clear to us that no one was going to release the prisoners. The Astracts turned out to be cunning, evil and merciless! We had to act decisively and quickly! I took command upon myself; although Sergei was a boy, he was clearly a timid person. Noticing the hologram and the teleport, I quietly reached them and quietly hid them under my clothes. When the Astracts were distracted by refueling their bodies, Gray and I slowly created holograms of the prisoners, and transported the real earthlings to the ship. It’s good that at school we were taught hologists and control of spaceships of various modifications. I had an A, so I easily coped with the controls of the spacecraft. The hologram showed that in 2016 these aliens had already arrived on our planet and took away two-thirds of the Earth's population. Almost 5 billion people! We had to put an end to this! We sharply raised the ship up and blocked access to our coordinates, reprogramming the spacecraft system. After difficult trials, it’s so nice to be home on our green planet! The liberated earthlings were processed in pressure chambers and warmly thanked us, their space rescuers! And we were glad that now none of the aliens would be able to take people from Earth! Sery and I were taken on an expedition to Mars-2, because on Mars-1, turbulent Martian life was already in full swing. But this is a completely different space story...

History of space exploration: first steps, great cosmonauts, launch of the first artificial satellite. Cosmonautics today and tomorrow.

What to tell

Introduction

Look at the sky. It seems that it is very close - stretch out your hand and touch the sun or the moon, but if you climb to the top of a tall tree, you will find yourself right next to them. But actually it is not. Neither we can reach the sky with our hands, nor the trees with their tops. The sun, moon and stars are very far from us. These are large planets that you need to fly to in a spaceship.

There are 8 planets in the solar system. They all revolve around the Sun, constantly along the same path, which is called an orbit. And one of these planets is our Earth.

Sun

What to tell:

The sun is a large and very hot star, a huge, hot ball. It is very far away, but the heat from its rays reaches all the planets circling around it, and ours too. That's why it's warm here.

Not all stars are like the Sun. There are small stars, and medium ones, and huge ones - larger than the Sun.

The brightest among all the stars in the sky are the North Star and Sirius. The sun is much larger than our planet. If you compare them, it’s like a watermelon and a small pea.

Visual material:

To compare the size of the Sun with the size of the Earth, you can take a pumpkin or watermelon and a pea. The pea is our Earth, the pumpkin is the Sun. The Earth is as much smaller than the Sun as a pea is smaller than a pumpkin.

Moon

What to tell:

The moon is a satellite of our planet; it is only three days away. The Moon moves around the Earth counterclockwise.

We see the moon only at night. The moon, as we see it in the sky, is not always the same shape. There are the following phases: new moon, crescent of the waxing moon, first quarter of the waxing moon, waxing moon, full moon and then decreasing: waning moon, quarter of the waning moon, crescent of the waning moon, new moon again.

If the sickle in the sky looks like the letter C, then the moon is “old” and waning. If we visually draw a stick and get the letter P, then the moon is growing.

These phases can be depicted for the child on paper or by cutting them out of colored cardboard.

Visual material:

To demonstrate why the moon is sometimes round and sometimes crescent-shaped, take a regular table lamp and a ball. Conduct an experiment together by creating a moon at home. Show your child that we only see the illuminated part of the ball.

Earth

What to tell:

Our planet is surrounded by an atmosphere. This is a protective layer that saves inhabitants from solar ultraviolet radiation, as well as from most meteorites. It can be compared to a blanket of air. It is thanks to him that our planet has the air that we breathe.

The most important difference between the Earth and others is the presence of life on it.

It is believed that the rest of the space is lifeless. The belief and desire of people to find life on other planets forces us to design spaceships to travel into space in order to study it.

Visual material:

You can boil a chicken egg and use its example to explain to your child what the Earth’s atmosphere is. Our planet is surrounded by a multi-layered atmosphere, just as the yolk of an egg is surrounded by white.

Other planets of the solar system

What to tell:

There are only 8 planets in the solar system. The largest of them is Jupiter. And the most interesting is Saturn, because it has huge rings around it.

Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also have rings, but they cannot be seen from Earth.

Pluto was one of the last to be discovered. It was discovered in 1930. At first it was considered the ninth planet. But over time, they were assigned to another category of cosmic bodies - “dwarf planets”.

Planets are considered to be cosmic bodies that:

• revolve around some star (in the case of the Solar System, this is the Sun);
• have their own gravity, which explains their spherical (round) or close to spherical shape;
• are not located near other similar large bodies;
• are not stars.

Visual material:

To remember the names of all the planets in the solar system, you can learn a short rhyme:

In order, all the planets can be named by any of us: One - Mercury, Two - Venus, Three - Earth, Four - Mars. Five is Jupiter, Six is ​​Saturn, Seven is Uranus, followed by Neptune. He is the eighth in a row. And behind it, then, is the ninth planet called Pluto.

Stars

What to tell:

The closest star to us is the Sun. There are a huge number of stars in space that are impossible to count. Any star is a hot ball of gas that was formed from hydrogen molecules joined together.

Make your guesses.

a) How do you understand the words “natural satellite of the Earth”, “artificial satellite”?

Natural means natural, arising on its own, from ordinary causes. This is the Moon, the creation of which humanity had nothing to do with.

Artificial - a man-made spacecraft launched into near-Earth space and moving around the planet in orbit.

b) In the picture, the space station is shown with large and wide “wings”. What are these “wings”? What are they needed for?

These are her solar panels.

They capture sunlight and convert it into electric current, which heats the station and makes all its devices work.

Books for children on the theme of space

1. “Amazing starry sky. Atlas with stickers”, S. Andreev;
2. “Discovering Space”, Morton Jenkins;
3. “Professor Astrocat and His Journey into Space,” by Dominic Walliman and Ben Newman;
4. “Space”, D. Kostyukov, Z. Surova;
5. “Fascinating astronomy”, E. Kachur;
6. Series “Your first encyclopedia”, book “Wonderful Planet”, publishing house “Makhaon”;
7. Series “The Very First Encyclopedia”, book “Planet Earth”, publishing house “Rosman”;
8. “My first book about space”, K. Portsevsky, M. Lukyanov;
9. “Stars and planets. Encyclopedia for children”, E. Prati;
10. “The extraordinary adventures of Petya in space”, A. Ivanov, V. Merzlenko.

SPACE TELESCOPE

Astronomers have always dreamed of good conditions for observing the stars. They climbed high into the mountains, where the atmosphere was cleaner, and built large telescopes to distinguish faint stars. But the best place to study the starry sky is space, where there is no atmosphere. And in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into earth orbit. The telescope weighed 12 tons, the diameter of its mirror was 2.5 meters. Using a space telescope, astronomers obtained photographs of extremely high resolution, inaccessible to earthly telescopes. The “visual acuity” of the Hubble telescope is such that it can see a small fly from a distance of 10 kilometers. The space telescope has helped discover thousands of new stars, galaxies and nebulae. For the first time, the surface of the huge star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion was photographed. The results of the telescope's observations truly exceeded all possible predictions. He looked into the depths of the Universe, showed astronomers stars located at a distance of many billions of light years from us. This wouldn't be bad at all:

Observe the orbit of Saturn,

Admire the constellation Lyra,

Detect black holes

And definitely compose a treatise -

"Explore the depths of the Universe!"

(Tim Sobakin)

Today, there are dozens of different specialized telescopes in Earth orbit, each of which examines celestial objects in a special wavelength range: Copernicus, Astron, Uhuru, Einstein and many others.

In July 1999, the Columbia spacecraft launched the Chandra X-ray telescope into orbit, designed to study cosmic radiation and mysterious “black holes.”

Cartoons on the topic

1. Cartoon series “Children and Space”;
2. Educational cartoon “Planet Earth”;
3. Entertaining lessons from Sahakayants “Astronomy for the little ones”;
4. “The Secret of the Third Planet”;
5. "Dunno on the Moon";
6. “Monkeys in Space”;
7. “Pep's Pig”, episode “A Trip to the Moon”;
8. “Star Dogs: Belka and Strelka”;
9. “Belka and Strelka: Lunar Adventures”;
10. “Egon and Donchi”;
11. “The Lunar Expedition of Christopher Cullumbus”;
12. “Tom and Jerry: Flight to Mars”;
13. “The Mystery of the Red Planet”;
14. “Planet 51”;
15. “Big space adventure”;
16. “Planet of the Wind”;
17. “Let's fly to the moon”;
18. “Wally”;
19. “Treasure Planet”;
20. “Smeshariki: pin code collection.”

Efrem Levitan “For kids about stars and planets”

For children from 5 to 8 years old

The book by the famous teacher and popularizer of astronomy Efrem Levitan introduces children to the entertaining science of astronomy. The presentation of the material is mainly structured in the form of fascinating conversations between the characters: small children and their dad, who tells them stories about Gnome Knopkin, who loves astronomy and wants to share his knowledge about the Solar system, the phases of the Moon and much more. Each section of the book is accompanied by bright illustrations.

Excerpt from a book:

One day the Pope said:

— Gnome Knopkin told me very interesting news!

- Which one? - the children shouted.

— Soon you will see three planets in the sky: Venus, Mars and Jupiter.

One evening, the Pope showed the children three luminaries in the starry sky. They did not twinkle like stars, but shone with an even light: Mars was reddish, and Venus and Jupiter were bright white. They were even brighter than the stars.

- Dad, planets are not stars, so you can live on them?

“Of course,” said Papa. - After all, you live on planet Earth.

— Do people live on other planets? - Sveta asked.

“No,” answered the Pope. — In the family of the Sun, people live only on Earth.

Where to look at the stars in Moscow

Observatories

Moscow City Palace of Children and Youth Creativity

m. University, st. Kosygina, 17, cor. 1 Price: free.

Astronomical Observatory of Moscow (State Astronomical Institute named after P.K. Sternberg at Moscow State University)

Moscow, Universitetsky Prospekt, 13 Price: free.

Observatory at the Moscow Planetarium

m. Barrikadnaya, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya, 5, building 1 Price: on weekdays 250 rubles, on weekends 300 rubles.

People's Observatory on the territory of Gorky Park

m. Gorky Park, Oktyabrskaya. Price: 200 rub.

People's Observatory on the territory of Sokolniki Park

m. Sokolniki, park territory Price: 150 rub. From Thursday to Sunday you can rent an external telescope for 50 rubles.

PEOPLE ON THE MOON

In 1958, the first earthly vehicle, the Soviet Luna-I probe, set off for the Moon. It flew at a distance of 6 thousand kilometers from the surface of the Moon. In September of the same year, Luna 2 made a hard landing on the earth's satellite. "Luna-17" and "Luna-21" delivered self-propelled vehicles to the Moon - lunar rovers, which were controlled from the Earth by radio. Lunokhod-1 worked for 11 lunar days (10.5 Earth months) and covered about 10 kilometers on the surface of the Moon; Lunokhod-2 covered about 37 kilometers in 5 months. The Lunokhods photographed the surface, took soil samples, and studied its chemical composition.

Of course, self-propelled vehicles on the Moon are a significant achievement of science. But the man wanted more - to set foot on the surface of the Earth’s satellite. In 1962, the Americans began preparations for a manned flight to the Moon. American designers have developed the best flight trajectory to the Moon, orbiting it and returning to Earth. On December 24, 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft, commanded by Frank Borman, reached the orbit of the Moon and completed 10 orbits around it.

In July 1969, the Saturn 5 launch vehicle launched from the Cape Canaveral launch site, which

launched Apollo 11 into low-Earth orbit. The ship's commander was Neil Armstrong. On July 19, Apollo 11 entered lunar orbit. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin boarded the Eagle lunar module and began their descent. At 21:00 Central European Time, the astronauts landed on the Moon in the Sea of ​​Tranquility. Aldrin and Armstrong set foot on the surface of the Moon. This was man's furthest journey in space.

There, on the Moon, on the Moon,

On a blue boulder

Moon people look, do not take their eyes off,

When did the word “space” appear in the Russian language?

“Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” by P. Ya. Chernykh reports that the word “cosmos” has come into use in the Russian language (as well as in the West) since the second quarter of the 19th century. In the dictionaries of the Russian language, “cosmos” is from 1861, while “cosmography” is from 1780, and “cosmogony”, “cosmology” and the adjective “cosmic” are from 1804.

The primary source is the Greek word kosmos, which originally meant “order”, “ordered unity”, then “world order”, “world order”. For ancient philosophy, space is the highest example of the universe. Pythagoras was the first to designate the world that exists around man as space, drawing attention to the order and harmony that reigned in it. The Greek word kosmos, of course, was already known in the ancient Russian era and was translated with the words “beauty”, “peace”, “light”.

Before the word “space” entered the Russian language in the meaning “Universe; world; space extending beyond the earth’s atmosphere,” the corresponding meaning was expressed by the words “system of the world,” “system of light,” etc.

Yuri Usachev “One Day in Space”

For children from 7 to 14 years old

This book invites readers to take an exciting journey - to spend one day in space. The author of the book is cosmonaut pilot and Hero of Russia Yuri Usachev, who completed four space flights and went into outer space several times. Here he appears as an experienced guide-commander of a ship in which children are his crew. Readers feel like they are taking a trip to the space station (ISS), trying to move in zero gravity, conducting experiments, and much more.

Excerpt from a book:

“You, like most people, think that astronauts still eat by squeezing food out of tubes, like toothpaste tubes, right? Unfortunately, I must disappoint you. Space nutrition has changed a lot over the past 40 years (…). With the advent of plastic packaging, it became possible to have in the astronauts’ diet not only pureed foods, but also the same cookies, fish, and meat.”